This article invites the reader to revisit the ancient and universal genre of the lullaby. We start by pointing out that the lullaby has almost never been studied in its natural settings: instead, it is often approached exclusively as a heavily proofread literary text stripped from its context. Further, we focus on tendana, a lullaby from the island of Soqotra. The tendanas used for our analysis were collected from a largely preliterate, non-media-exposed culture and in natural settings. By running a comparison between tendanas and lullabies from a number of other cultures, we conclude that, although there are a number of similarities between them, tendanas also have several unique traits, among them a different sense of safety and danger, only sporadic use of onomatopoetic vocabulary, and an absence of cumulative and counting elements.

In the debate on academic freedom, the Finnis case has been one of the most recent and one of the ones with the most media coverage. The petition launched by a group of students of the University of Oxford to remove John Finnis from teaching has generated numerous reactions in the press and on social networks. Speaking on speeches about speeches, the linguistic study from the polyphony and argumentation in the language focus (Anscombre & Ducrot 1983) seems the most suitable for the analysis of the treatment that the mass media have given to the debate (Bednarek 2006, 2007, Fairclough 1988, Smirnova 2009). In this paper we have analyzed the strategies of (de)legitimization that have been used to quote foreign statements. Secondly, the presence that has been given to each of the actors involved in the debate has been studied.

En el presente estudio se presentan en primer lugar las distintas acepciones del término logos en el pensamiento del teólogo bávaro. El "Logos creador" será la fundamentación del logos de la realidad y del logos humano (razón y relación al mismo tiempo), entendidos como una realidad analógica y no como una emanación neoplatónica. Dios deja impresa su huella divina en la naturaleza de todas las cosas y, en especial, en la persona humana. La correlación entre naturaleza, ley natural, razón y conciencia posibilita el diálogo no solo con otras religiones, sino también con los no creyentes. Todas estas conexiones internas permiten alcanzar una Weltethos, que en Ratzinger presentará un significado particular.

In this article I continue reading oral traditional poetry from a cognitive perspective. This time I use findings obtained empirically from my previous research on the living short improvisational poetic genre ayyu from Morocco (Gintsburg 2017, 2019a) and turn my attention to kopla zaharrak, another short oral improvisational poetic genre, which once existed in the Basque Country but is now extinct and almost forgotten. In order to better understand how this genre once functioned, I first apply to it the notions of frames, or topics or themes, and scripts, or possible scenarios manifested at least partly in form of formulaic language, which are triggered by them. The analysis reveals that on the cognitive level kopla zaharrak offer a structure similar to the ayyu, where the first two lines work as a frame and the last two lines as a script. In the second part of my research, I compare examples of kopla zaharrak and ayyus and conclude that, despite obvious cultural and linguistic differences, the way both traditions make use of images of the natural world and connect them to human situations has demonstrable similarities.

In the ten years from 2008 onwards the banking sector was constantly in the spotlight. Blame for the financial crisis and concern regarding controversial government bailouts were followed by public outrage about inflated bonuses, money laundering and false reporting. Over this period, banks deployed a range of legitimation strategies to salvage their reputation. This paper proposes a modified typology of legitimation strategies based on previous research (van Leeuwen and Wodak 1999; Vaara, Tienari and Laurila 2006), and examines how these are used by in the "letter to shareholders" published by the chairs of the five main UK-based banks over the ten years following the crisis. The strategies are analysed in terms of their object, target and interdiscursive features, and the particular persuasive roles of narrative and emotion are underlined.

Good governance is a key factor in underpinning the integrity and efficiency of an institution, whether it is a private company or a national or international organisation. The core principles of good governance are now often defined as fairness, accountability, responsibility and transparency. Although these terms are familiar to all those involved in corporate social responsibility/sustainability and business ethics, and are frequently discussed in the European Parliament and European directives, they often pose a challenge to the translator, since obvious equivalents for all of them do not exist in all EU languages. In this paper, I take the example of accountability, and examine the way that it is represented in both Spanish and German in the EUROPARL7 parallel corpus of European Parliament Proceedings, available in the Sketch Engine corpus platform. Accountability in English can be defined as an assurance that individuals or organizations will be evaluated on their performance or behaviour related to something for which they are responsible, or more simply, as being responsible for explaining what you do and able to give a satisfactory account of it to those whom your actions affect. The English term accountability thus differs from responsibility and transparency, although it overlaps with both. However, not all languages allow us to distinguish easily between the concepts they designate. In fact, the majority of Spanish translations of accountability found in EUROPARL7 simply use responsabilidad, while others make reference to rendir cuentas or rendicion de cuentas, and a few actually use transparencia. In German, the picture is less confused, with the closer term Rechenschaftspflicht employed as the usual translation, but an abundance of alternatives such as Verantwortlichkeit and Auskunftspflicht also appear. In my conclusions, I discuss the rationale that may underlie the different choices, point to problems that might arise from poor translations, and suggest reasons we should strive to maintain clear definitions of these key concepts.

Lutero recordó la importancia y centralidad de la palabra de Dios, a la vez queformuló el principio de la sola Scriptura, después evolucionado con el tiempo. Trento y el Vaticano II presentan Escritura y tradición como elementos complementarios que parten dela misma fuente, buscando su compatibilidad con el método histórico-crítico y los hallazgosde la exégesis contemporánea. En esta línea se presenta la ¿hermenéutica de la fe¿ propuestapor Joseph Ratzinger / Benedicto XVI

This paper analyses letters to shareholders by bank presidents in the ten years after the financial crisis to establish whether apologies for corporate wrongdoing and mismanagement are present, and if not, how these negative aspects are communicated. Apologies and quasi apologies are shown to be part of a wider repertoire of strategies including alignment with those affected, disassociation from negative events, scapegoating of perpetrators, and promises of future good conduct. These findings are discussed in terms of the banks¿ ongoing relationship with shareholders, and their wider reputation management endeavours.

This rapid spread of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) across Europe means that secondary education teachers of subjects like science or history are increasingly required to teach their subjects in English. For some this is a positive impulse to professional development, but in all cases changing the language of instruction poses a challenge, sometimes triggering negative feelings and leading teachers to question their professional identity. After reviewing relevant research, we analyse the impact of a training programme for in-service CLIL teachers on their emotions and identity. Our findings show that the transition to CLIL was a cause of considerable insecurity in this sample, associated with threats to the teachers¿ professional self-confidence and satisfaction. Future training should allow more space for consideration of emotional factors, with a view to helping teachers reshape their professional identity.

On the occasion of the 2017 UK election campaign, Amnesty International conducted a large-scale, sentiment-based analysis of online hate speech against women MPs on Twitter (Dhrodia 2018), identifying the Top 5 most attacked women MPs as Diane Abbott, Joanna Cherry, Emily Thornberry, Jess Phillips and Anna Soubry. Taking Amnesty International's results as a starting point, this paper investigates online misogyny against the Top 5 women MPs, with a specific focus on the video-sharing platform YouTube, whose loosely censored cyberspace is known as a breeding ground for antagonism, impunity and disinhibition (Pihlaja 2014), and, therefore, merits investigation. By collecting and analysing a corpus of YouTube multimodal data we explore, critique and contextualize online misogyny as a techno-social phenomenon applying a Social Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM-CDS) approach (KhosraviNik and Esposito 2018). Mapping a vast array of discursive strategies, this study offers an in-depth analysis on how technology-facilitated gender-based violence contributes to discursively constructing the political arena as a fundamentally male-oriented space, and reinforces stereotypical and sexist representation of women in politics and beyond.

En este artículo presentamos la tradición oral de la región de Jbala (norte de Marruecos) desde una perspectiva cognitiva. Empleamos las nociones de «marco» (temas o escenas) y «guión» (lenguaje formulaico) para demostrar cómo funciona el proceso de creación poética en tiempo real. Nos centraremos en el género de ayyu, un género de poesía oral corta, improvisada y autóctona de la región de Jbala. Empezaremos introduciendo brevemente el campo de la poética cognitiva, su terminología más relevante y los últimos avances. Después presentamos la poesía oral de la región de Jbala y examinamos cómo funcionan los «marcos» y los «guiones» en la poesía cantada. Asimismo, analizamos en detalle varios «marcos» típicos de la poesía jebli junto con los «guiones» asociados a ellos para terminar con unas conclusiones en las que presentamos nuestros hallazgos.

In public controversy after the Brexit referendum, social media played a prominent role. In particular, veteran populist anti-EU campaigner Nigel Farage used Twitter as a powerful weapon to further his cause. This paper compares a corpus of Farage's tweets in 2017-2018 with those by four other prominent British politicians (May, Johnson, Corbyn and Starmer). Quantitative corpus linguistics techniques are combined with qualitative analysis to examine how Farage creates a distinctive discursive style that is both down-to-earth and emotive. Various markers of register and affect are identified, and three core aspects of Farage's populist appeal to 'the people' are outlined, including the projection of negative emotions, especially anger/violence; the use of questions to provoke reactions; and the deployment of colloquial expressions and catchphrases to resonate with popular audiences and claim the status of 'common sense'.

Communication between company and client has changed with the arrival of social networks on the corporate communication: the bidirectional communication becomes multidirectional (client to client o client to company) and the emotional element constitutes a part of this message. This article is an attempt to analyse how the emotions are communicated throughout the corporate social network. After identifying the emotions with higher presence, we tackle the analysis of evaluation, intensification and approximation strategies that help to conceptualize or evoke the emotions. To do so, we collected a corpus of 3128 publications, which appeared during the last quarter of 2016 and the data was organized in three corpus: postspublished by Dia, commentaries of followers and commentaries of the company itself. The findings afford us the following conclusions: (1) the high frequency of emotions in corporate digital communication, especially throughout the networks such as Facebook, (2) the prevalence of positive emotions in the three subcorpus, (3) the devices of evaluation, intensity and approximation strategies are similar in the three subcorpus; however the use of icon-graphics devices is more free in the comments of followers.

The rise of populism has turned researchers' attention to the importance of affect in politics. This is a corpus-assisted study investigating lexis in the semantic domain of anger and violence in tweets by radical-right campaigner Nigel Farage in comparison with four other prominent British politicians. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses of discourse show that Farage cultivates a particular set of affective-discursive practices, which bring anger into the public sphere and offer a channel to redirect frustrations. Rather than expressing his own emotions, he presents anger as generalised throughout society, and then performs the role of defending 'ordinary people' who are the victims of the elites. This enables him to legitimise violent emotions and actions by appealing to the need for self-assertion and self-defence

Primer cuartil en SCIMAGO

Spanish possesses a vast array of items that codify the speaker's degree of certainty or doubt (i.e., epistemic modality), such as quizá, igual, seguramente or sin duda. Little attention has been devoted to them in the field of Spanish as a Foreign Language, especially regarding their semantics. The aim of this article is to show that some of the semantic descriptions of such items reveal inconsistencies in a variety of didactic sources, and this might hinder students from mastering them. We focus on three case studies involving (a) where certain items are allocated in the epistemic scale, (b) how a group of similar expressions are treated, and (c) how the semantics of an adverb is described vis-à-vis its cognates in other languages.

Disciplines within knowledge domains are cross-cutting and shaped by the contributions of cultures and countries. In the field of journalism studies (as in many others), the force of Anglo-Saxon perspectives has outshined other approaches and attempts. Although every tradition-at least in Western culture-intertwines with others, they also have peculiarities that enrich the debate. This article aims to introduce the Spanish-American tradition and, especially, the Spanish one regarding reflections on journalism studies as an academic discipline. The concern for endowing journalism with a disciplinary status has lingered on, particularly because of the passage from schools to universities. Here, in this transition, Spain is characterized by having sparked off a prolonged, intense debate about the elements that define journalism as an academic discipline. Such a discussion has hardly taken place in Latin America. The method is based on a literature review focused on pioneering authors such as Martinez Albertos, Nunez-Ladeveze, and Casasus. Given the relevance of this reflection in Spain, this article elaborates further on the debate and, as a conclusion, brings forward a renewed proposal for defining journalism and describing its subject matter, scope, multidisciplinary nature, and methods.

In my paper I analyze transformations happening in the oral tradition of the Jbala, an Arabic speaking ethnic group inhabiting the western and central part of the Rif mountains of northern Morocco. My analysis centers on the work of two modern poets, who although they see themselves belonging to the oral tradition, compose their poetry in writing. Their poetry is, therefore, characterized by use of two different, and, to some degree, opposite modes of language - the oral and the written. This is especially interesting in the context of the Arabic language, where, officially, only Standard Arabic exists in two modes - oral and written, while its dialectal varieties are seen as exclusively oral forms of communication and `vulgar' poetry. The textual analysis will be substantiated by information received directly from both poets. To complement this analysis I examine this tradition through the lens of major cultural and identity changes occurring in local Moroccan genres and traditions at the national level and argue that the oral tradition of the Jbala is converging with the more popular and prestigious tradition of the malhun.

Reseña de Olegario González de Cardedal, Martín Lutero. Reforma, Revolución, Contrarreforma, Centro de Estudios Salmantinos («Serie Minor», n. 15), Salamanca 2018, 177 pp.

Este ensayo trata de la crisis o pérdida de la autoridad en la cultura contem-poránea, bajo el aspecto particular de los problemas de legitimidad para el uso del lenguaje. ¿Qué fundamentos pueden invocar los hablantes para justificar su pretensión de ser escu-chados? Señalo que, habiendo sido este problema objeto de atención para los estudios bíbli-cos durante largo tiempo, un diálogo interdisciplinar puede mejorar nuestra comprensión de la difícil situación actual. Desde esta perspectiva, examino las pretensiones de autoridad bajo tres nociones: profecía, o la autoridad individual del hablante; interpretación, o la au-toridad derivada de una fuente escrita; ficción, o la renuncia a la autoridad. Muestro que hay una cierta convergencia hacia un planteamiento antifundacionalista

Recent interest in oral poetic traditions has centred on the possibility of applying cognitive linguistic categories in order to shed light on the nature of poetic improvisation across a range of cultures and historical periods (Boas, 2016). Frames, or topics or scenes, can be seen to be associated with particular scripts, consisting at least partly of formulaic language, which facilitates the process of poetic creation in real time. This paper focuses on the ayyu, a short improvised oral poetic genre common among the Jbala people of northern Morocco. In the first section, I examine the habitual repertoire of two singers, and show how they indeed associate particular frames (love, pilgrimage, etc.) with certain organizational sequences and formulaic phrases that are also found in the context of these frames in the wider corpus of Jebli poetry. In the second part, I focus on the klam, or utterances, inserted in the middle or placed in the end of ayyus that are always ignored in dictated or published versions of these poems. Klam does not strictly belong within the four-line verse, but is consistently delivered during its performance. These utterances seem to have an important role in live performances, operating as a confirmation to the audience that they have picked up the right frame from the rather sketchy information in the quatrain, and from the use of particular formulaic expressions. Interestingly, although the singers generally use the predictable last line, occasionally they come up with a different option, perhaps with a view to surprising their audience or provoking a response. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Los estudios evidencialistas más influyentes tienden a emplear los sustantivos source y evidence como palabras clave para describir el contenido transmitido por los evidenciales. Aunque estos nombres pueden designar entidades epistemológicas muy diferentes, en la bibliografía especializada no suelen explicitarse sus límites referenciales. Así, diferentes unidades y construcciones lingüísticas muy heterogéneas de diversas lenguas germánicas y romances han terminado etiquetándose como evidenciales porque los valores que transmiten pueden parafrasearse con las palabras source o evidence, aunque el semantismo de muchas de ellas en nada se parece al de unidades evidenciales inequívocas como las del tuyuca o el quechua. En este artículo introducimos una distinción conceptual (fuente, base, modo de acceso) para evitar los problemas terminológico-nocionales derivados de un uso intuitivo de los nombres source/fuente y evidence/evidencia en la bibliografía evidencialista centrada en idiomas europeos. Para mostrar su productividad, se ha aplicado esta distinción a los sintagmas nominales encabezados por según.

La adhesión a la Declaración Conjunta sobre la Doctrina de la Justificación por parte de luteranos, metodistas, reformados, anglicanos y católicos indica que esta constituye una referencia y un punto de partida para proseguir el diálogo ecuménico. El acuerdo teológico está basado en el ¿consenso diferenciado¿ de la propia perspectiva a la otra, sin renegar de los propios principios. Los viejos temas debatidos de las buenas obras, la concupiscencia o el simul iustus et peccator requieren a su vez una profundización y una reinterpretación, guiada por la ¿hermenéutica de la confianza¿. Necesitamos ahora una Declaración Conjunta sobre Eucaristía, ministerio y eclesiología, sin olvidar las cuestiones morales (bioética, medio ambiente, doctrina social) y la discusión del principio protestante de la sola Scriptura.

The analysis of film discourse from a multimodal and cognitive perspective has shown in recent years that such an approach to the study of cinema is a very fruitful one. Among the various cinematic techniques that may be analysed as pieces of multimodal discourse, the flashback seems to be particularly appealing because, while being very rich and versatile, it is also a fixed device and common enough in film as to be studied in a systematic way. Given those characteristics - formal variety alongside stability - a relevant question would be: how do spectators make sense of film retrospections? To address this question, this paper suggests an examination of the multimodal cues offered by flashbacks in three different films - Ordinary People (1980), Big Fish (2003) and The Help (2011) - and analyses the cognitive processes that those cues activate and which make the comprehension of the flashback possible. What lies at the basis of the flashback scenes proposed is a joint-attention triangle formed by the viewer and the camera, who look together, first at the character in the present and then at the events taking place in the past. Ultimately, such scenes can only be understood in terms of blended joint attention, and they also reveal the importance of other cognitive processes at work, namely time compression, viewpoint integration, and identity and analogy connections.

A hundred years after the publication of the first edition of the commentary to the Epistle of the Romans (1919), the famous Barthian consideration of the analogia entis as "an invention of the Antichrist" and "the reason why I cannot become a Catholic" regains its prevalence. Nonetheless, this assertion has evolved as time goes by. In this article, we will study the answers given by Catholic thinkers as Erich Przywara, Gottlieb Sohngen, Jerome Hamer, Henri Bouillard, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Hans Kung, and some more recent authors of the Italian and Anglo-Saxon areas. The opposition between analogia entis and analogia relationis, concretized in analogia fidei, has developed several interpretations in different directions. This article will suggest the continuity between both dimensions -which are inseparably united to charity- by alluding to their Trinitarian origin.

Recent political trends in many countries have sparked renewed interest in populism. Despite general agreement that the affective/emotive aspects of political communication are particularly important in this, there is little recent analysis of how populists operationalise emotion or how they genuinely differ from mainstream parties in this sense. This article applies mixed methods to explore the 'affective-discursive practices' that characterise the discourses of two opposition parties in the United Kingdom: United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and Labour. Comparison of the frequency of semantic subcategories related to emotion in corpora of press releases published by these parties on their websites is complemented by qualitative analysis of how specific emotional areas such as fear, anger and anxiety are invoked by the two parties. Different 'affective-discursive practices' underpin their discourses, since Labour characteristically frames reactions to social phenomena in terms of worry and concern, while UKIP legitimates fear and anger, but also projects more positive emotions.

This article deals with the study about how the Spanish political party Podemos constructs its identity discursively, and tries to answer the question about whether it can be qualified as a populist in the strict sense. The corpus on which the investigation is based is constituted by the "Political document" of Podemos, available on the party's website. After a description of the linguistic features of that text, with particular emphasis on those of lexical-semantic character (with some relevant quantitative and statistical data), the discursive resources used to build the identity of the party are highlighted. The next step is to compare the characterizing features of Podemos's discourse with those provided by other recent studies on populist parties, to conclude that Podemos represents a political party with a clearly populist profile.

Historia religiosa

The debate on the status and the role of Standard/Classical Arabic versus Dialectal Arabic in the Arab World has a long history. In parallel to this, voices calling for giving Dialectal Arabic the status of the official state language and cancelling Standard Arabic altogether are becoming louder. This debate is being fuelled by the rapidly developing theory of superdiversity which claims that, due to the rapid changes that happened to the world after 1991, and increasing globalization associated with worldwide migration, easy access throughout the world to internet and social networks, video hosting services and satellite television, societies all over the world have become extremely diverse linguistically. This theory also draws on language ideologies, the concept that suggests that the traditional idea of a ¿language¿ is an ideological artefact. Is this approach valid for understanding what is happening in the Arabic language? I will attempt to answer this question by examining the status of the Arabic language on the margins of the Arab world ¿ in Zanzibar. For centuries, the Arabic language has been one of the key languages spoken in Zanzibar, but it has now been practically replaced by Swahili.

Redes sociales, como Twitter o Facebook, están permitiendo un espacio esencial para el desarrollo del debate político. En este estudio, investigamos cómo se comunican las emociones en este entorno público prestando una especial atención a qué emociones emergen, qué estimulo las provoca, y con qué objetivo y de qué modo se comunican. Se analiza un corpus de 1353 tuits, que contiene #Maduro (Subcorpus1) o @NicolasMaduro (Subcorpus2). Estos tuits se publicaron el 24 de julio de 2017, fecha equidistante entre el 16 de julio, día en que la oposición a Maduro convoca un referéndum y, el 30 julio, día de la votación oficial para la Asamblea Constituyente. A través de la lectura directa de tuits y combinando el método cuantitativo y cualitativo, demostramos que las emociones son una parte esencial de esta red y, entre ellas, las más frecuentes son `ira¿ y `temor¿. Asimismo, el análisis reveló que este corpus, claramente polarizado, reúne más tuits en contra de Maduro que a favor. Respecto a las funciones, cabe destacar cómo Twitter se convierte en una herramienta persuasiva de campaña, con dos funciones clave `criticar¿ o `apoya¿ a Maduro. Finalmente, el análisis formal arroja un mayor número de expresiones emocionales negativas (léxico emocional, trolling e insultos).

This article uses the semantic tagging tools provided by Wmatrix3 to investigate the discourse of corporate annual reports to shareholders from leading UK-based companies in four sectors: pharmaceuticals, food, mining and finance. Six potentially interesting areas of commonality are identified (change, inclusion, size: big, important, cause and effect, and time: begin). Concordance lines from these areas in each subcorpus are then analysed qualitatively to identify the presence of shared value-systems in the discourse of the reports. A contrastive analysis is then conducted which reveals differences between the four sectors in the keyness of areas such as safety, strength, newness and focus, as well as colleague and client orientation. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research on business communication. Finally, some advantages of using semantic tagging over standard corpus linguistic tools are discussed.

The Jbala region in northern Morocco is known for an enormous number of Sufi lodges, shrines of local saints, and the cults of those saints. However, this topic has entirely escaped the attention of modern scholars. This paper focuses on the ziyara, or tradition of pilgrimage to a shrine of a saint, connecting it to the debate on place and space on the one hand, and identity studies on the other. Using a classical ethnographic approach, I analyze one such pilgrimage that took place in 2018, in which I was invited to participate as a guest,. In this paper I understand pilgrimage as a communal spiritual journey and analyze the roles the collective and individual play in it, as well as how and by what means the participants cocreate and experience constructs of place and space.

Fine arts offer opportunities for multimodal approaches in education. Museums and galleries are now aware of their social role, and provide outreach activities designed to bring an understanding of art to a wider public. Their websites offer educational material for school children, showing how artistic knowledge and sensitivity can be cultivated with young age groups. However, little attention has been paid to such didactic material by discourse analysts interested in multimodality. This paper builds on Swales's (2016) article on the genre of the single image account (SIA), which centres on texts about famous paintings written by experts for a general readership. Here, I focus on SIAs for didactic purposes, examining pedagogical resources on the National Gallery's website. Accessible SIAs are combined with suggestions to enhance primary school pupils' learning through creative activities across a variety of modes. Guidelines are provided for writing SIAs for educational purposes in other contexts