Revistas
Revista:
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
ISSN:
1073-5623
Año:
2022
Vol.:
53
N°:
7
Págs.:
2586 - 2599
The microstructure evolution of 55VNb microalloyed steel during warm deformation via single pass uniaxial compression was researched, and the effect of deformation conditions on dynamic spheroidisation of cementite lamellae and ferrite conditioning for a range of deformation temperatures (600 degrees C to 700 degrees C) and strain rates (1 to 10 s(-1)) analysed. Cementite lamellae appear to subdivide irrespective of deformation temperature with the ferrite phase penetrating the pattern formed by the cementite crystallites, in turn confirming that the dissolution of this phase during deformation is an important mechanism leading to the break-up of plates and subsequent globulisation. EBSD measurements allowed orientation gradients leading to the final subdivision of the cementite to be determined. Ferrite softening during heavy warm deformation is attributed to dynamic recovery and continuous dynamic recrystallisation, although the evolution of this phase depends, to a great extent, on the region subject to study, as confirmed by local EBSD studies. Misorientation profiles obtained in different regions of ferrite and pearlite enabled the different stages of the microstructural evolution to be monitored for each phase, this being developed via a variety of mechanisms under the same deformation conditions. Finally, the increase in low angle boundary density correlates with the Zenner-Hollomon parameter, and a linear relation between the density of low angle boundaries and steady-state stress estimated for pearlite and ferrite was found, indicating that new boundaries would have been formed dynamically during deformation. High angle boundary density also increases with deformation, although this is almost irrespective of the temperature and strain rate applied.
Revista:
METALS
ISSN:
2075-4701
Carbide-free bainitic (CFB) steels belong to the family of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) that are struggling to become part of the third-generation steels to be marketed for the automotive industry. The combined effects of the bainitic matrix and the retained austenite confers a significant strength with a remarkable ductility to these steels. However, CFB steels usually show much more complex microstructures that also contain MA (Martensite-Austenite) phase and auto-tempered martensite (ATM). These phases may compromise the ductility of CFB steels. The present work analyzes the substructure evolution during tensile tests in the necking zone, and deepens into the void and crack formation mechanisms and their relationship with the local microstructure. The combination of FEG-SEM imaging, EBSD, and X-ray diffraction has been necessary to characterize the substructure development and damage initiation. The bainite matrix has shown great ductility through the generation of high angle grain boundaries and/or large orientation gradients around voids, which are usually found close to the bainite and MA/auto-tempered martensite interfaces or fragmenting the MA phase. Special attention has been paid to the stability of the retained austenite (RA) during the test, which may eventually be transformed into martensite (Transformation Induced Plasticity, or TRIP effect).
Revista:
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
ISSN:
1073-5623
Año:
2017
Vol.:
48A
N°:
6
Págs.:
2943 - 2948
Very often Nb contributes to the strength of a microalloyed steel beyond the expected level due to the grain size strengthening resulting from thermomechanical processing. Two different mechanisms are behind this phenomenon, and both of them have to do with the amount of Nb remaining in the solution after hot rolling. The first of them is the increase of the hardenability of the steel due to Nb, and the second one is the fine precipitation of NbC in ferrite. The contribution of the precipitates to the work hardening of two thermally and thermomechanically processed microalloyed steels is addressed in this work and this contribution has been integrated into previously developed models by the authors for ferrite-pearlite microstructures. An L (eff) is considered through the effective spacing associated to the different obstacles and their interactions with the moving dislocations. The model obtained shows good agreement with the experimental tensile curves from the end of yield point elongation to the onset of necking. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2017
Revista:
TRATER PRESS
ISSN:
1888-4423
Año:
2015
N°:
46
Págs.:
30 - 39
Revista:
MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM
ISSN:
0255-5476
Año:
2014
Vol.:
783-786
Págs.:
783 - 788
Revista:
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
ISSN:
0921-5093
Año:
2013
Vol.:
561
Págs.:
40 - 51
A series of available equations allows the yield and the tensile strength of low carbon ferrite-pearlite microstructures to be expressed as a function of the optical grain size, steel composition and interstitials in solution. Over the years, as the complexity of steel microstructures has increased, some additional terms have been added to account for precipitation and forest dislocation contributions. In theory, this opens the door for an extension of these equations to bainitic microstructures. Nevertheless, there is a series of difficulties that needs to be overcome in order to improve prediction accuracy. In the present work, different microstructures (ferrite-pearlite, bainite, quenched, and quenched and tempered) were produced and tension tested in a C-Mn-Nb steel. Optical microscopy and EBSD (Electron Back Scattered Diffraction) were applied and the results were compared as a function of the tolerance angle. Based on this work, an adaptation to Pickering's equation is proposed, including its extension to other microstructures rather than ferrite-pearlite. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Revista:
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
ISSN:
1073-5623
Año:
2012
Vol.:
43A
N°:
12
Págs.:
4553 - 4570
While the role of Nb during the processing of austenite is quite clear, what happens in subsequent stages to the concentration of this element left in solution is subject to some debate. In particular, some uncertainty still subsists concerning the eventual homogeneous precipitation in Nb supersaturated polygonal ferrite. The present work was aimed at clarifying the precipitation sequence of Nb during coiling, through a systematic work and a careful selection of the processing conditions in order to produce different scenarios concerning the initial state of Nb. A Nb-microalloyed steel was thermomechanically processed in the laboratory followed by simulated coiling at different temperatures in the 873 K to 1023 K (600 A degrees C to 750 A degrees C) range. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed interphase precipitation of NbC at high coiling temperatures, while at 873 K (600 A degrees C), homogeneous general precipitation took place in ferrite and followed a Baker-Nutting orientation relationship.
Revista:
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
ISSN:
1073-5623
Año:
2012
Vol.:
43A
N°:
12
Págs.:
4571 - 4586
Often, Nb contributes to the strength of a microalloyed steel beyond the expected level because of the grain size strengthening resulting from thermomechanical processing. Two different mechanisms are behind this phenomenon, and both of them have to do with the amount of Nb remaining in solution after hot rolling. The first of them is the increase of the hardenability of the steel as a result of Nb, and the second one is the fine precipitation of NbC in ferrite. Three Nb microalloyed steels were thermomechanically processed in the laboratory and coiled at different temperatures to investigate the effect of Nb content on the tensile properties. The extra strength was linearly related to the Nb remaining in solution after the hot working. The maximum contribution from Nb was reached for a coiling temperature of 873 K (600 A degrees C).
Revista:
ISIJ INTERNATIONAL
ISSN:
0915-1559
Año:
2010
Vol.:
50
N°:
4
Págs.:
546 - 555
Este artículo quedó finalista en el Vanadium Award 2010
Multipass torsion tests were carried on with several V-microalloyed high carbon steels, using different deformation sequences in order to modify the austenite state prior to transformation. Both recrystallized and deformed austenite microstructures were studied. After deformation, different cooling rates were applied. The results show that accumulating strain in the austenite before transformation seems to slightly increase the interlamellar spacing for a given cooling rate, this increase being related to the pearlite transformation taking place at higher temperatures because of the increase in the austenite grain boundary area per unit volume (S(v)). On the other hand, the retained strain significantly contributes to a refinement of the "ferrite units' effect being more significant as vanadium and nitrogen contents rise. A relationship between the mean "ferrite unit" size with S(v) and cooling rate was determined. Similarly, empirical expressions to predict strength as a function of vanadium microalloying addition, S(v) and cooling rate were derived.