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Aims and objectives To identify the personal- and disease-related factors that are associated with living with Parkinson's disease. Background Living with Parkinson's disease affects the physical, psychological, social and spiritual areas of the person. Health professionals need to know which factors influence the daily living with Parkinson's disease, in order to facilitate a positive living. Design A multicentre cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 324 patients with Parkinson's disease diagnoses were included in the study through a consecutive case sampling. Data were collected from January-June 2015, in specialised units of movement disorders of public and private and community centres, from Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador and Cuba. Nine measures were applied to evaluate personal-related factors (age, gender, psychosocial function, satisfaction with life, social support, home economical situation) and Parkinson's disease-related factors (duration of disease, motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms). The STROBE checklist was used to ensure quality reporting during the study (see File S1). Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. Results Results indicated that social support, followed by satisfaction with life and home economical situation are the only three factors that significantly influence in living with Parkinson's disease. The rest of the factors analysed did not present significant influence in the daily living with this neurodegenerative disease. Conclusion This study highlights the necessity to put more emphasis on the person and his/her daily living with the condition and less on symptoms and treatment. Health professionals need to develop person-centred interventions that also deal with other elements of the experience of living with a long-term condition like Parkinson's disease. Relevance to clinical practice Interventions to foster positive living with Parkinson's disease in clinical practice should integrate strategies to tackle and prevent loneliness and interagency elements to increase community resources and systems of support.

Para proporcionar un cuidado individualizado e integral a los pacientes que conviven con un proceso crónico se aboga en la actualidad por el uso de nuevas tecnologías, como la tele-enfermería. El objetivo es identificar las principales características de la teleenfermería, así como las barreras y facilitadores para su implantación. Revisión sistemática de las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cinhal, Psycinfo, Cuiden, Dialnet y Scielo entre 2008 y 2019. Los 34 artículos seleccionados identificaron el soporte virtual, el seguimiento telefónico y los dispositivos electrónicos como principales características de la tele-enfermería, el perfil del paciente (no joven, con nivel socioeconómico y educativo bajo) y la resistencia de los profesionales de enfermería fueron las barreras identificadas, mientras que la nueva era tecnológica se identificó como un facilitador para su implementación. Proporcionar una mayor formación entre los profesionales de enfermería para dar a conocer las principales características de la tele-enfermería es fundamental para su aceptación e integración y, consecuentemente, su implantación en la práctica clínica diaria.

Parkinson's disease progressively limits patients at different levels and as a result family members play a key role in their care. However, studies show lack of an integrative approach in Primary Care to respond to the difficulties and psychosocial changes experienced by them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a multidisciplinary psychoeducational intervention focusing on improving coping skills, the psychosocial adjustment to Parkinson's disease and the quality of life in patients and family carers in a Primary Care setting. Methods: This quasi-experimental study with control group and mixed methods was designed to evaluate a multidisciplinary psychoeducational intervention. Based on the study power calculations, 100 people with Parkinson's disease and 100 family carers will be recruited and assigned to two groups. The intervention group will receive the ReNACE psychoeducational intervention. The control group will be given a general educational programme. The study will be carried out in six community-based health centres. The results obtained from the two groups will be collected for evaluation at three time points: at baseline, immediately after the intervention and at 6 months post-intervention. The results will be measured with these instruments: the Quality of Life Scale PDQ-39 for patients and the Scale of Quality of Life of Care-givers SQLC for family carers, and for all participants the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness scale and the Brief COPE Inventory. Focus groups will be organised with some patients and family carers who will have received the ReNACE psychoeducational intervention and also with the healthcare professionals involved in its development. Discussion: An important gap exists in the knowledge and application of interventions with a psychosocial approach for people with PD and family carers as a whole. This study will promote this comprehensive approach in Primary Care, which will clearly contribute in the existing knowledge and could reduce the burden of PD for patients and family carers, and also in other long-term conditions.

Introduction: To explore the psychometric attributes of a new Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS-6) in a wide Spanish-speaking population with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: This was an international, cross-sectional study. Several rater-based and patient-reported outcomes measures for evaluation of PD (e.g., Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Motor) and other constructs (e.g., Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, Scale for Living with Chronic Illness) were applied together with the SLS-6. Acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability, precision, and construct validity were tested. Results: The study included 324 patients from five countries, with age (mean ± standard deviation) 66.67 ± 10.68 years. None of the SLS-6 items had missing values and all acceptability parameters fulfilled the standard criteria. Scaling assumptions allowed the calculation of a summary index from items 2 to 6, complementary to the global evaluation (item 1). For these five items, Cronbach's alpha was 0.85; the corrected item¿total correlation 0.53¿0.73; inter-item correlation, 0.45¿0.70, with an item homogeneity index of 0.55. The standard error of measurement, based on Cronbach's alpha for a single observation, was 3.48. SLS-6 correlations were moderate to strong (rs ¿ 0.35) with the patient-reported outcomes and weak to moderate with the rater-based assessments used in the study. The SLS-6 total score was significantly different according to PD severity levels establised

Findings generated from this concept analysis can raise awareness of Living with chronic illness so that this process could be assessed in a correct and uniform way in the clinical community and improved when needed.

Parkinson¿s disease (PD) is a long-term condition that affects patients¿ and carers¿ quality of life. It is important to develop and implement new approaches that bring together health and psychosocial care for people living with chronic illnesses such as PD. The authors emphasise the role of primary care nurses in supporting patients and their informal carers, and outline how practitioners can focus care on patients¿ psychosocial as well as physical needs. The article includes a literature review of the process of living with PD and discusses the development and implementation of interventions based on assessments tailored to the individual needs of patients and their carers.