Los simuladores de vehículos se emplean ampliamente en disciplinas como la Fórmula 1, fabricantes de vehículos comerciales, vuelos militares o civiles, etc. Permiten evaluar el diseño del vehículo de forma más rápida y barata que por los métodos tradicionales, e incluso permiten hacerlo antes de que el prototipo esté fabricado. Estos simuladores de conducción se componen por un hardware, con el que interactúa un conductor y, un software que controla el modelo matemático del automóvil y la pista, encargándose de resolver la física entre ambas partes y procesando la imagen que se muestra en pantalla. El circuito en el que discurre el coche juega un papel fundamental en todo esto, por lo que en este trabajo se propone un método de bajo coste que permita modelar pistas de carreras, y que, posteriormente, se integre en el simulador de alta fidelidad ubicado en el centro Automotive Intelligence Centre ¿ AIC en Amorebieta, País Vasco, España. El modelo 3D presentado corresponde con el Circuito de Vilariño Motorsport (Olaberria), obtenido por fotogrametría aérea con un dron consiguiendO una resolución de 3,4mm/px y un error máximo de 50mm, siendo además un método rápido y de bajo coste respecto a otros sistemas de captura de datos como es el LIDAR.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore a methodology for connecting microelectromechanical system sensors - i.e. inertial measurement unit (IMU) - to an Arduino-based microcontroller, using graphene-based conductive filament and flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (FTPU) filament and low-cost dual material extrusion technology. Design/methodology/approach A series of electrical tests were carried out to determine the maximum resistance the conductive paths may take to connect printed circuit boards (PCB). To select the most suitable printing material, three types of conductive filaments were examined. Then an experiment was carried out to find the best printing parameters in terms of printing speed, printing temperature and layer height to minimise resistivity. The size of the conductive path was also analysed. A final prototype was designed and printed according to optimised printing settings and maximum allowable resistances for each line and considering different geometries and printing strategies to reduce cross-contamination among paths. Findings For the Black Magic 3D conductive filament, the printing speed and layer height played a significant role regarding resistivity, while the printing temperature was not very important. The infill pattern of the conductive paths had to be aligned with the expected current path, while using air gaps between two adjacent paths resulted in the best approach to reducing cross-contamination. Moreover, the cross-section size of

This paper presents a user-centered methodology to co-design and co-evaluate wearables that has been developed following a research-through design methodology. It has been based on the principles of human-computer interaction and on an empirical case entitled "Design and Development of a Low-Cost Wearable Glove to Track Forces Exerted by Workers in Car Assembly Lines" published in Sensors. Insights from both studies have been used to develop the wearable co-design domino presented in this study. The methodology consists of different design stages composed of an ideation stage, digital service development and test stages, hardware development and test stage, and a final test stage. The main conclusions state that it is necessary to maintain a close relationship between human factors and technical factors when designing wearable. Additionally, through the several studies, it has been concluded that there is need of different field experts that should co-design and co-evaluate wearable iteratively and involving users from the beginning of the process.

Wearable electronics make it possible to monitor human activity and behavior. Most of these devices have not taken into account human factors and they have instead focused on technological issues. This fact could not only affect human¿computer interaction and user experience but also the devices¿ use cycle. Firstly, this paper presents a classification of wearable design requirements that have been carried out by combining a quantitative and a qualitative methodology. Secondly, we present some evaluation procedures based on design methodologies and human¿computer interaction measurement tools. Thus, this contribution aims to provide a roadmap for wearable designers and researchers in order to help them to find more efficient processes by providing a classification of the design requirements and evaluation tools. These resources represent time and resource-saving contributions. Therefore designers and researchers do not have to review the literature. It will no be necessary to carry out exploratory studies for the purposes of identifying requirements or evaluation tools either.

Additive Manufacturing devices or 3D printers allow the possibility of creating almost anything. One of the most promising fields of application are wearable devices, which can be directly printed on textiles. This paper aims to study adhesion forces and warping effects when depositing a polymer onto a textile with a low-cost extrusion 3D printer. To achieve this, two different polymers (PLA and Filaflex) and six of the most common textile materials were selected. L-shaped specimens were printed by combining the two polymers and the six textiles. Most of the common printing settings were fixed for both materials, while the layer quality was 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm. Once printed, they were inspected with a Coordinate Measuring Machine and the deformation of each specimen was quantified by calculating their maximum and minimum displacements. Afterwards, each specimen was axially tested to evaluate the adhesion forces between the polymer and the textile. In terms of warping, flexible filament showed the lowest values independent of printing quality (0.56 mm and 0.3 mm) relative to the rigid filament (0.73 mm and 0.8 mm). In terms of adhesion, the combination of a porous textile and a flexible filament got the highest values, regardless of the layer height selected. The conclusion of this study is that polymer textile deposition can be a real manufacturing strategy that should be considered when thinking about the design of a wearable device to be worn on the body.

Wearables are gaining widespread use and technologies are making it possible to monitor human physical activity and behaviour as part of connected infrastructures. Many companies see wearables as an opportunity to enhance worker safety since they can monitor their workers' activity in real life scenarios. One of the goals of this technology is to integrate existing electronic components, such as sensors or conductors, in order to create fully wearable systems. This integration is constrained not only by technical factors but also by user requirements and internal company standards. This paper considers such constraints and presents preliminary research for the design of a wearable glove as a new tool to track forces exerted by workers in car assembly lines. The objective of the glove is to measure forces and compare these to maximum forces already identified by the company. Thus, the main objectives are to: (1) integrate the components based on the requirements of the users and the context of application, and (2) provide a new tool that can be used in situ to track workers. This study was carried out in close collaboration with Volkswagen through a human-centred iterative design process. Thus, this paper presents the development of a wearable device glove based on a specific design methodology where both the human and technological aspects are considered.

Shin pads are part of the mandatory equipment footballers must wear so as to prevent lesions. Most players wear commercially available shin pads made from a variety of common materials (polypropylene or polyethylene) and high-resistance materials (glass fibre, carbon fibre or Kevlar) using traditional manufacturing techniques. Additive manufacturing was used years ago to deliver customised rigid shin pads, but they did not offer any significant advantage in terms of materials or design compared to traditional shin pads. This project analyses a novel approach to the design and manufacture of shin pads for football players that combines existing digitisation tools, lattice structures and a multi-material additive manufacturing device. A total of 24 different additive manufacturing geometries were evaluated using a customised rig where a 1-kg impactor was released from several heights (100-400 mm). The impact acceleration, the transmitted force to the leg and penetration were calculated. Results were compared against two commercially available shin pads. Results show that two of the additive manufacturing specimens tested at the highest drop height had lower impact accelerations than commercial shin pads. They had an acceleration reduction between 42% and 68% with respect to the commercial shin pads. Regarding the penetration, the improvement achieved with additive manufacturing specimens ranged from 13% to 32%, while the attenuation and the contact times were similar.

The paper addresses two significant and growing trends: knowledge work and population ageing. The population pyramid inversion brings important changes for society as a whole. These changes are associated with the inclusion of older persons in the workforce for knowledge work, which represents a challenge for adapting the work environment to meet all workers' needs. In order to approach a more universal design of the work environment system, industrial designers need support from user-sensitive inclusive design studies. Moreover, there are plenty of guidelines and tools containing relevant information. However, there is the need to develop more appropriate tools oriented to industrial designers and that cover the initial phase of the design process. A study about and with users and designers have driven the research outcomes and direction. Through an iterative process, various prototypes versions have been developed through research and designers' feedback. A range of contents and a theoretical framework, namely UCAP, have been developed in order to implement them in this inclusive workstation design guidance tool. This study provides an overview of how knowledge work is affected by the ageing of the population, the role of designers in helping to create inclusive workstations, and the need for developing a new tool to aid designers in this endeavour. A theoretical framework intended for use in the development of the inclusive workstation design guidance tool is proposed and developed. As a result, this study provides one step towards the universal design of the products and environments found in knowledge work for the benefit of not only designers but consumers, makers and buyers of such products, all of whom can benefit from these outcomes.

The ageing of the population and the inverted population pyramid is bringing important changes to society as a whole. These changes are associated with the inclusion of an older workforce in knowledge work and the challenge they represent in adapting the work environment accordingly. In order to approach a more universal design of the work environment, industrial designers need support from user-sensitive inclusive design studies. While there are plenty of guidelines and tools containing relevant information, there is a need to develop more appropriate tools for Industrial Designers that cover the initial phase of the design process. This study provides a review of the available tools and guidelines and proposes a theoretical framework intended for developing a design guidance tool for inclusive work-station design. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly called 3D printing, is the process of making objects layer upon layer from 3D model data in order to test design prototypes (called Rapid Prototyping), to obtain production tools (Rapid Tooling) or to build and then use that prototype as a final part in the final product (Direct Manufacturing). This paper aims to show new applications of the Direct Digital Manufacturing philosophy for sports and medical sciences. Particularly, the aim of the study is to present three case-studies that take advantage of AM so as to enable practitioners and professional players to manufacture customised 1) face masks to protect the face during sports or everyday activities, 2) foot insoles to treat foot problems and 3) shin pads to be worn by football players and shield them from shin injuries. In every case study, prior to fabrication, anthropometric features of volunteer patients were captured by a low-cost 3D scanner and a user-friendly semi-automatic modelling procedure was developed with Rhinoceros and Grasshopper in order to model and customise several features of the three products. The resulting virtual designs of the three products were manufactured with the help of four different AM devices while design workflow and the suitability of the physical prototypes were evaluated against volunteers and practitioners. Feedback results from practitioners and volunteers were satisfactory enough in order to consider the design tools provided as a good starting point for future developments. Further work is still necessary in terms of improvement to the design algorithm, inclusion of new materials and test procedures to verify the physical prototypes to the final user requirements. Nevertheless, this work confirmed that the combination of existing tools of three-dimensional digitisation, user-friendly semi-automatic algorithm within a Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Additive Manufacturing can lead to a technologically feasible and cost-effective solution to improve the traditional design and manufacturing process of customised orthotic and protective devices for sports and medical sciences.

This book contains the papers presented at the XXX International Congress INGEGRAF, ¿Digital Engineering, its application in Research, Development and Innovation¿, held on 24¿25 June 2021 in Valencia, Spain. The book reports on cutting-edge topics in product design and manufacturing, such as industrial methods for integrated product and process design; innovative design; and computer-aided design. Further topics covered include virtual simulation and reverse engineering; additive manufacturing; product manufacturing; engineering methods in medicine and education; representation techniques; and nautical, engineering and construction, aeronautics and aerospace design and modeling. The book has six sections, reflecting the focus and primary themes of the conference. The contributions presented here will not only provide researchers, engineers, and experts in a range of industrial engineering subfields with extensive information to support their daily work; but also they are intended to stimulate new research directions, advanced applications of the methods discussed, and future interdisciplinary collaborations.

The objective of this work has been the realization of a training simulator for neurosurgery operations using additive manufacturing. This work has been developed in collaboration with two neurosurgeons. The simulator developed contains two parts, a superficial skull inside which is the brain. Between both is the Dura Mater: a layer that cover the brain. The Dura Mater is a fibrous, solid, thick and not very flexible tissue, with a thickness of about 0.5 mm. In any brain operation, after having performed the craniotomy, the Dura Mater must be sutured. This membrane has a special consistency and the suture has to be made very close to the bone. Therefore, this complex skill must be trained. The Dura Mater must be replaced for each of the practices and satisfy with the thickness and consistency of human tissue so that it responds in a similar way to a suture performed in the operating room.

The book focuses on four exemplified EM&Ts areas as results of the methods, gaps and issues related to their teaching methods. The four areas are: Experimental Wood-Based EM&Ts, Interactive Connected Smart (ICS) Materials Wearable-based, Carbon-based & Nanotech EM&Ts and Advanced Growing. It provides the setting up of a common/ novel method to teaching EM&Ts: to create new professional in young students, and to develop new guidelines and approach.

The increasing relevance of occupational injuries and illness related to lean manufacturing strategies in automotive assembly lines brings an increasing interest in this industry by the research and development of new tools and methods for the evaluation and prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). However, few studies have focused on assessing the exposures to the hand region whereas disorder in this region remain at the primary tier of the prevalence ranking. Herein, this paper presents a low-cost, wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure workplace demands. This technology was selected after analysing an assessment scale composed of seven of the common ergonomic assessment tools and methods. After a brief verification through a laboratory goniometry experiment, eleven joint angles of a volunteer¿s hand were measured. The results indicated that the mean difference between the values measured by participants and the values obtained directly from the wearable is 2.44°, which has the same accuracy level of the commercial products. The proposed device is scalable enough to be iterated by further improvements, including conductive fabric 3D printing technology.