In this observational and multicenter study, that included all patients who underwent a heart transplantation (HT) in Spain from 1984 to 2018, we analyzed the incidence, management, and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) after HT. Of 6,244 patients with a HT and a median follow-up of 8.8 years since the procedure, 116 CRC cases (11.5% of noncutaneous solid cancers other than lymphoma registered) were diagnosed, mainly adenocarcinomas, after a mean of 9.3 years post-HT. The incidence of CRC increased with age at HT from 56.6 per 100,000 person-years among under 45 year olds to 436.4 per 100,000 person-years among over 64 year olds. The incidence rates for age-at-diagnosis groups were significantly greater than those estimated for the general Spanish population. Curative surgery, performed for 62 of 74 operable tumors, increased the probability of patient survival since a diagnosis of CRC, from 31.6% to 75.7% at 2 years, and from 15.8% to 48.6% at 5 years, compared to patients with inoperable tumors. Our results suggest that the incidence of CRC among HT patients is greater than in the general population, increasing with age at HT.

Simple Summary Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) induced by anthracycline-based cancer chemotherapy (ACC) is becoming an urgent healthcare concern. Myocardial fibrosis (MF) may contribute to LVD after ACC. We show that elevated circulating levels of procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide (PICP, biomarker of MF) are associated with early subclinical LVD and predict later development of cardiotoxicity in patients treated with ACC. In addition, an association between PICP and LVD in patients with ACC-induced heart failure is observed. These results provide novel insights into MF as a mechanism underlying LVD after ACC, with PICP emerging as a promising tool to monitor cardiotoxicity in patients treated with ACC. Anthracycline-based cancer chemotherapy (ACC) causes myocardial fibrosis, a lesion contributing to left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). We investigated whether the procollagen-derived type-I C-terminal-propeptide (PICP): (1) associates with subclinical LVD (sLVD) at 3-months after ACC (3m-post-ACC); (2) predicts cardiotoxicity 1-year after ACC (12m-post-ACC) in breast cancer patients (BC-patients); and (3) associates with LVD in ACC-induced heart failure patients (ACC-HF-patients). Echocardiography, serum PICP and biomarkers of cardiomyocyte damage were assessed in two independent cohorts of BC-patients: CUN (n = 87) at baseline, post-ACC, and 3m and 12m (n = 65)-post-ACC; and HULAFE (n = 70) at baseline, 3m and 12m-post-ACC. Thirty-seven ACC-HF-patients were also studied. Global longitudinal strain (GLS)-based sLVD (3m-post-ACC) and LV ejection fraction (LVEF)-based cardiotoxicity (12m-post-ACC) were defined according to guidelines. BC-patients: all biomarkers increased at 3m-post-ACC versus baseline. PICP was particularly increased in patients with sLVD (interaction-p < 0.001) and was associated with GLS (p < 0.001). PICP increase at 3m-post-ACC predicted cardiotoxicity at 12m-post-ACC (odds-ratio >= 2.95 per doubling PICP, p <= 0.025) in both BC-cohorts, adding prognostic value to the early assessment of GLS and LVEF. ACC-HF-patients: PICP was inversely associated with LVEF (p = 0.004). In ACC-treated BC-patients, an early increase in PICP is associated with early sLVD and predicts cardiotoxicity 1 year after ACC. PICP is also associated with LVD in ACC-HF-patients.

Introduction and objectives: Intrapatient blood level variability (IPV) of calcineurin inhibitors has been associated with poor outcomes in solid-organ transplant, but data for heart transplant are scarce. Our purpose was to ascertain the clinical impact of IPV in a multi-institutional cohort of heart transplant recipients. Methods: We retrospectively studied patients aged >= 18 years, with a first heart transplant performed between 2000 and 2014 and surviving >= 1 year. IPV was assessed by the coefficient of variation of trough levels from posttransplant months 4 to 12. A composite of rejection or mortality/graft loss or rejection and all-cause mortality/graft loss between years 1 to 5 posttransplant were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results: The study group consisted of 1581 recipients (median age, 56 years; women, 21%). Cyclosporine immediate-release tacrolimus and prolonged-release tacrolimus were used in 790, 527 and 264 patients, respectively. On multivariable analysis, coefficient of variation > 27.8% showed a nonsignificant trend to association with 5-year rejection-free survival (HR, 1.298; 95%CI, 0.993-1.695; P = .056) and with 5-year mortality (HR, 1.387; 95%CI, 0.979-1.963; P = .065). Association with rejection became significant on analysis of only those patients without rejection episodes during the first year posttransplant (HR, 1.609; 95%CI, 1.129-2.295; P = .011). The tacrolimus-based formulation had less IPV than cyclosporine and better results with less influence of IPV. Conclusions: IPV of calcineurin inhibitors is only marginally associated with mid-term outcomes after heart transplant, particularly with the tacrolimus-based immunosuppression, although it could play a role in the most stable recipients.

Introduction and objectives - Short-term mechanical circulatory support is frequently used as a bridge to heart transplant in Spain. The epidemiology and prognostic impact of infectious complications in these patients are unknown. Methods: Systematic description of the epidemiology of infectious complications and analysis of their prognostic impact in a multicenter, retrospective registry of patients treated with short-term mechanical devices as a bridge to urgent heart transplant from 2010 to 2015 in 16 Spanish hospitals. Results: We studied 249 patients, of which 87 (34.9%) had a total of 102 infections. The most frequent site was the respiratory tract (n = 47; 46.1%). Microbiological confirmation was obtained in 78 (76.5%) episodes, with a total of 100 causative agents, showing a predominance of gram-negative bacteria (n = 58, 58%). Compared with patients without infection, those with infectious complications showed higher mortality during the support period (25.3% vs 12.3%, P = .009) and a lower probability of receiving a transplant (73.6% vs 85.2%, P= .025). In-hospital posttransplant mortality was similar in the 2 groups (with infection: 28.3%; without infection: 23.4%; P= .471). Conclusions: Patients supported with temporary devices as a bridge to heart transplant are exposed to a high risk of infectious complications, which are associated with higher mortality during the organ waiting period. (C) 2020 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to analyse associations between obesity and outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the EUROMACS Registry was performed. Adult patients undergoing primary implantation of a continuous-flow LVAD between 2006 and 2019 were included (Medtronic HeartWare((R)) HVAD((R)), Abbott HeartMate II (R), Abbott HeartMate 3 (TM)). Patients were classified into 4 different groups according to body mass index at the time of surgery (body mass index <20 kg/m(2): n = 254; 20-24.9 kg/m(2): n = 1281; 25-29.9 kg/m(2): n = 1238; >= 30 kg/m(2): n = 691). RESULTS: The study cohort was comprised of 3464 patients. Multivariable Cox proportional cause-specific hazards regression analysis demonstrated that obesity (body mass index >= 30 kg/m(2)) was independently associated with significantly increased risk of mortality (body mass index >= 30 vs 20-24.9 kg/m(2): hazard ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.57, overall P < 0.001). Moreover, obesity was associated with significantly increased risk of infection and driveline infection. The probability to undergo heart transplantation was significantly decreased in obese patients (body mass index >= 30 vs 20-24.9 kg/m(2): hazard ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.74, overall P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity at the time of LVAD implantation is associated with significantly higher mortality and increased risk of infection as well as driveline infection. The probability to undergo heart transplantation is significantly decreased. These aspects should be considered when devising a treatment strategy before surgery.

An anomalous origin of the coronary artery is an uncommon congenital disorder. Even though the pathology is generally asymptomatic, it can present with life-threatening symptoms. Two cases with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery are assessed. Though both patients' arterial anomalies were alike, the surgical procedure was different in each case. The unroofing technique and coronary artery bypass grafting are compared to evaluate different surgical approaches for a personalize treatment of the pathology.

Introduction and objectives: Heart retransplantation (ReHT) is controversial in the current era. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the results of ReHT in Spain. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis from the Spanish Heart Transplant Registry from 1984 to 2018. Data were collected on donors, recipients, surgical procedure characteristics, immunosuppression, and survival. The main outcome was posttransplant all-cause mortality or need for ReHT. We studied differences in survival according to indication for ReHT, the time interval between transplants and era of ReHT. Results: A total of 7592 heart transplants (HT) and 173 (2.3%) ReHT were studied (median age, 52.0 and 55.0 years, respectively). Cardiac allograft vasculopathy was the most frequent indication for ReHT (42.2%) and 59 patients (80.8%) received ReHT > 5 years after the initial transplant. Acute rejection and primary graft failure decreased as indications over the study period. Renal dysfunction, hypertension, need for mechanical ventilation or intra-aortic balloon pump and longer cold ischemia time were more frequent in ReHT. Median follow-up for ReHT was 5.8 years. ReHT had worse survival than HT (weighted HR, 1.43; 95%CI, 1.17-1.44; P < .001). The indication of acute rejection (HR, 2.49; 95%CI, 1.45-4.27; P < .001) was related to the worst outcome. ReHT beyond 5 years after initial HT portended similar results as primary HT (weighted HR, 1.14; 95%CI, 0.86-1.50; P < .001). Conclusions: ReHT was associated with higher mortality than HT, especially when indicated for acute rejection. ReHT beyond 5 years had a similar prognosis to primary HT.

Background and objective: We compared the efficacy and safety of standard vs. extended primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in solid organ transplantation. Materials and methods: Retrospective cohort study of CMV seronegative recipients who received CMV prophylaxis after solid organ transplantation from seropositive donor (D+/R-) (2007-2017). CMV infection in the first two years after transplantation in recipients with prophylaxis longer or shorter than 100 days were compared. Results: CMV infection occurred in 29 of 66 patients (43.9%) with prophylaxis. Forty-five patients (68.2%) received extended prophylaxis. CMV infection and disease rates were not different between patients with extended and standard prophylaxis. However, extended prophylaxis was associated with a higher rate of myelotoxicity (68.9% vs. 42.9%, p<0.05). Conclusions: Extending primary CMV prophylaxis over 100 days did not prevent late-onset infection but it was associated with hematological toxicity.

OBJECTIVES In the third report of the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, outcomes of patients receiving mechanical circulatory support are reviewed in relation to implant era. METHODS Procedures in adult patients (January 2011-June 2020) were included. Patients from centres with <60% follow-ups completed were excluded. Outcomes were stratified into 3 eras (2011-2013, 2014-2017 and 2018-2020). Adverse event rates (AERs) were calculated and stratified into early phase (<3 months) and late phase (>3 months). Risk factors for death were explored using univariable Cox regression with a stepwise time-varying hazard ratio (3 months). RESULTS In total, 4834 procedures in 4486 individual patients (72 hospitals) were included, with a median follow-up of 1.1 (interquartile range: 0.3-2.6) years. The annual number of implants (range: 346-600) did not significantly change (P = 0.41). Both Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support class (classes 4-7: 23, 25 and 33%; P < 0.001) and in-hospital deaths (18.5, 17.2 and 11.2; P < 0.001) decreased significantly between eras. Overall, mortality, transplants and the probability of weaning were 55, 25 and 2% at 5 years after the implant, respectively. Major infections were mainly noted early after the implant occurred (AER(3 months): 0.45). Bilirubin and creatinine levels were significant risk factors in the early phase but not in the late phase after the implant. CONCLUSIONS In its 10 years of existence, EUROMACS has become a point of reference enabling benchmarking and outcome monitoring. Patient characteristics and outcomes changed between implant eras. In addition, both occurrence of outcomes and risk factor weights are time dependent. As a registry of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) offers a robust repository of clinical data on long-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS) from a large international community.