This case report describes a Mediterranean HIV-negative man in his 60s with hypertension, osteoporosis, a history of flaccid paralysis after polio syndrome, and a 4-year history of progressive development of purplish, reddish cutaneous plaques and nodules limited to the lower limbs.

Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors represent a new class of immune-modulatory drugs, mostly investigated in clinical trials in different malignant neoplasms. Four patients, diagnosed with recurrent or advanced malignant neoplasm and treated with a combination of anti-programmed death ligand 1 and anti-CSF1R monoclonal antibodies, developed an asymptomatic cutaneous eruption characterized by an ill-defined pseudoedematous to waxy diffuse infiltration with a reticular cobblestone-like pattern. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse mucin deposition involving the superficial and mid-dermis with fragmented and scattered elastic fibers. The exact pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the development of mucin deposits in patients treated with CSF1R inhibitors remain to be elucidated. A reduced degradation and clearance of components of the extracellular matrix by macrophages secondary to CSF1 pathway inhibition may be hypothesized. Shredding and fragmentation of elastic fibers may be a result of the increased accumulation of mucopolysaccharides. This observation illustrates the new spectrum of skin-related toxicities secondary to new targeting therapies. This may contribute to a better understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in skin diseases characterized by a persistent dermal glycosaminoglycan deposition.

Background Confusion exists regarding interstitial granulomatous dermatitis (IGD) and palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD). Objective To determine whether IGD and PNGD are two different entities, or whether they must be considered as two subtypes of the same reactive pattern, and thus whether the unification of the nomenclature is necessary. Methods Observational retrospective multicentre study of patients with IGD and PNGD evaluated between 1999 and 2019 and review of their clinical and histological features. Results We identified 52 patients (38 women and 14 men). Clinical and histological findings of IGD were observed in 88.4% of cases. The most common cutaneous lesions were plaques/macules (IGD) or annular plaques and papules/nodules (PNGD), located mostly on the limbs and trunk. The rope sign was developed in two patients with IGD that associated autoimmune disorders. Similar associated comorbidities (75%) were found in both entities, mainly autoimmune diseases (53.8%). In IGD, the infiltrate was predominantly lympho-histiocytic. Neutrophilic infiltrates, karyorrhexis and skin lesions with limited clinical course were mainly associated with PNGD biopsies. In biopsies with a limited recurrent course, a predominant lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate was found. Collagen degeneration was present in 75.9% of cases. The floating sign was observed only in IGD type patients (63%). Overlapping histological findings were found in one fourth of cases, especia

Introduction: Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection has a high incidence and worldwide distribution. It has a broad clinical spectrum, with skin, joint and haematological manifestations being the most common. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology and clinical-analytical manifestations of acute PVB19 infection. Patients and methods: A retrospective study of patients with a positive IgM serology for PVB19 (10 years). Forty-six patients were included and their demographic, clinical and analytical characteristics were analyzed. Results: Primary infection was most prevalent in women (ratio 2.2:1) aged 41 (mean age). Joint involvement was the most common manifestation (65%). Skin abnormalities were observed in more than half of patients (24 cases): rash (28%), megalerythema (9%), "gloves and socks" involvement (6.5%), periflexural rash (4%) and oedema (4%). Anaemia was the main haematological alteration (35%). The symptoms were self-limiting and resolved in 1-2 weeks in most patients. Conclusions: Although there is a variable clinical spectrum, polyarthralgias and generalized maculopapular rash with fever and anaemia are the typical and most frequent manifestations of primary infection by PVB19 and are usually self-limiting.

Background Acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) may be triggered by desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies. The autoantibody profile of each patient results in distinct intracellular signalling patterns. Objectives Based on our previous findings, we aimed to elucidate whether PV acantholysis in a mouse model may be mediated by activation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). Methods We used three PV-IgG fractions from different patients containing high or low levels of anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 antibodies, and the presence or not of anti-desmocollin (Dsc) antibodies, using a passive transfer mouse model of PV. Results Although all of the PV-IgG fractions produced suprabasal acantholysis, only those containing anti-Dsg1/3, but not anti-Dsc2/3 antibodies, induced ADAM10 activation in a Src-dependent way, and an increase in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands EGF and betacellulin (BTC). In contrast, the presence of anti-Dsc2/3 antibodies, in addition to anti-Dsg1/3, triggered earlier and ADAM10-independent epidermal detachment, with no increase in EGF and BTC, which was associated with an earlier and more intense acantholysis. Conclusions All PV-IgG fractions produced suprabasal acantholysis, but our results reveal that depending on the levels of anti-Dsg antibodies or the presence of non-Dsg antibodies, such as anti-Dsc, more severe cell-cell epidermal detachment will occur at different times, and in an ADAM10-dependent manner or not. Acantholysis in these different groups of patients with PV may be a consequence of the activation of specific intracellular mechanisms downstream of Autoantibodies binding to Dsg or non-Dsg proteins, and therefore more specific therapeutic approaches in PV should be used. What's already known about this topic? Suprabasal acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) may be triggered by both desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies. The autoantibody profile of each patient is associated with a distinct intracellular signalling pattern. What does this study add? In patients with PV with anti-Dsg3 and anti-Dsg1, but not anti-desmocollin (Dsc)3 antibodies, ADAM10 activation is induced in an Src-dependent way, together with an increase in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands EGF and betacellulin. The presence of anti-Dsc3 antibodies triggers an earlier and ADAM10-independent acantholysis, without increasing EGFR ligands, and is associated with more severe epidermal detachment. Lower levels of anti-Dsc3 antibodies are associated with less severe acantholysis. What is the translational message? In some patients with PV, the severity and the timing for cell-cell detachment seem to depend on the level of anti-Dsg1/3 antibodies, although other as yet uncharacterized antibodies may also participate. These patients with PV would exhibit inhibition of acantholysis by Src, ADAM10, EGF and EGFR inhibitors. In other patients, the presence of non-Dsg antibodies, such as anti-Dsc2/3, would produce an earlier and more severe ADAM10-independent suprabasal acantholysis.

Progress in the understanding of many tumors has enabled the development of new therapies, such as those targeted at specific molecules involved in cell growth (targeted therapies) or intended to modulate the immune system (immunotherapy). However, along with the clinical benefit provided by these new treatments, new adverse effects have also appeared. Dermatological toxicities such as papulopustular eruptions, xerosis, and pruritus are common with EGFR inhibitors. Other adverse effects have also been described with PDGFR, BCR-ABL, and MAPK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antiangiogenic drugs, and inhibitors at immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. Onset of these adverse effects often causes dose reductions and/or delays in administering the prescribed therapy, which can affect patient survival and quality of life. It is, therefore, important to prevent the occurrence of these adverse effects, or to treat unavoidable ones as soon as possible. This requires cooperation between medical oncologists and dermatologists. This article reviews the various dermatological toxicities associated with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, along with their diagnosis and therapeutic management.

Background Localized facial scleroderma usually presents as frontal linear morphea or progressive hemifacial atrophy. Only isolated cases of trigeminal painful neuropathy have been described. Case report A 43-year-old woman developed an oval lesion on the right cheek. After 1 year, she noticed constant "pulling" pain and episodes of lancinating pain, both spontaneous and triggered by chewing and cold drinks. She was diagnosed with solitary morphea profunda and CT scan, ultrasonography, cranial MRI and biopsy were completed. Methylprednisolone (1¿gr/day for 3 days) was prescribed. For pain, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, amitryptiline, pregabalin and eslicarbacepine were all ineffective. A capsaicin patch was placed with prolonged benefit. Later on, the pain slightly worsened; occipital blockade was effective and methotrexate was recommended. Conclusion This is the first case of solitary morphea profunda associated with painful trigeminal neuropathy. Treatment should include immunosuppressants and treatment of neuropathic pain, in which local therapies seem particularly beneficial.

Although the arrival of new chemotherapy drugs and combinations has brought progress in terms of cancer patient survival, they entail many adverse effects that can compromise treatment, and hence prognosis, of the disease. Cytostatic agents can cause dermatological toxicity, among other side effects. The most familiar adverse effect of chemotherapy is alopecia. Although not serious, this changes the outward appearance of cancer patients. Other adverse effects include hypersensitivity and photosensitivity reactions, hand-foot syndrome, epidermal necrolysis, recall reactions, scleroderma-like reactions, Raynaud's phenomenon, eccrine squamous syringometaplasia, neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis, nail abnormalities, pigmentation changes and extravasation injuries. Onset of these adverse effects often causes ose reduction and/or delayed treatment, which can affect patient survival and quality of life. It is therefore important to prevent their occurrence and treat them promptly, which requires cooperation between medical oncologists and dermatologists. This article reviews chemotherapy ssociated dermatological toxicity, along with its diagnosis and therapeuticmanagement. (C) 2019 AEDV. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

BackgroundDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have increasingly been identified as causative agents of bullous pemphigoid. The clinical and immunological characteristics of this pemphigoid variant are still unclear. The objective of our study was to analyze the clinical and immunological features of patients with pemphigoid induced by DPP-4 inhibitors. MethodsAll patients diagnosed with DPP-4 inhibitor-associated bullous pemphigoid at dermatology departments in three Spanish centers during the period 2013 to 2015 were included. ELISA assays for the NC16A domain of BP180 and BP230 were performed. Immunoblot studies using epidermal/dermal extracts and the C-terminal, NC16A and LAD-1 regions of BP180 were also carried out. ResultsA total of eight patients were identified (5 treated with vildagliptin, 2 with linagliptin, and one with sitagliptin). Of these, four presented the classical inflammatory phenotype of bullous pemphigoid and four a noninflammatory phenotype. The ELISA for BP180 (NC16A domain) was positive in six patients at diagnosis. Most patients reacted to more than one BP180 antigenic site (LAD-1 and/or C-terminal domain) on the immunoblot. Two patients showed no reaction against the NC16A domain of BP180 on either the ELISA or immunoblot but recognized either LAD-1 or both LAD-1 and the C-terminal domain. Only one of the NC16A-negative patients had a noninflammatory subtype of bullous pemphigoid. ConclusionsPatients with DPP-4 inhibitor-induced BP may present either an inflammatory or a noninflammatory phenotype of BP. IgG response against other BP180 regions different from the NC16A domain, such as LAD-1 and the C-terminal domain, could be pathogenically relevant to the onset of DPP-4 inhibitor-induced BP.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ocular/periocular involvement in pemphigus vulgaris (OPV) has rarely been reported. The objective of the present study was to investigate the pattern of OPV and define the prognostic value of its manifestation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1985 to 2014, a total of 167 patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) were treated at four tertiary Spanish hospitals. In this retrospective study, we included all patients with OPV. Clinical data and information on associated symptoms were obtained from patients' medical records. RESULTS: Only 24 (14.3 %) of all PV patients had ocular lesions. In most cases, -ocular involvement was preceded by PV lesions at various other sites (mean duration: 33.7 months). Ocular PV lesions occurred during flares of mucocutaneous pemphigus, and was never the only mucosal manifestation. The most common clinical signs were conjunctival hyperemia (87.5 %), erosions on the eyelids (41.6 %) as well as of the palpebral/bulbar conjunctiva (33.3 %) and at the medial epicanthus (20.8 %). The most relevant associated symptoms included local pain/stinging (71.4 %), irritation (47.6 %), photophobia (38.1 %), and epiphora (23.9 %). Ocular PV improved with systemic and adjuvant topical therapies. Only two patients experienced sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PV, ocular involvement is an exception. Ocular PV is associated with greater disease activity, and usually follows a benign course. Sites affected are the conjunctiva, the eyelids, or both.

Percutaneous CT-guided sympathicolysis is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of PPHH and can be considered as a second choice in patients in whom other nonsurgical therapeutic options have failed, despite the compensatory hyperhidrosis rates.

This viewpoint highlights major, partly controversial concepts about the pathogenesis of pemphigus. The monopathogenic theory explains intra-epidermal blistering through the "desmoglein (Dsg) compensation" hypothesis, according to which an antibody-dependent disabling of Dsg 1- and/or Dsg 3-mediated cell-cell attachments of keratinocytes (KCs) is sufficient to disrupt epidermal integrity and cause blistering. The multipathogenic theory explains intra-epidermal blistering through the "multiple hit" hypothesis stating that a simultaneous and synchronized inactivation of the physiological mechanisms regulating and/or mediating intercellular adhesion of KCs is necessary to disrupt epidermal integrity. The major premise for a multipathogenic theory is that a single type of autoantibody induces only reversible changes, so that affected KCs can recover due to a self-repair. The damage, however, becomes irreversible when the salvage pathway and/or other cell functions are altered by a partnering autoantibody and/or other pathogenic factors. Future studies are needed to (i) corroborate these findings, (ii) characterize in detail patient populations with non-Dsg-specific autoantibodies, and (iii) determine the extent of the contribution of non-Dsg antibodies in disease pathophysiology.

Eccrine naevus (EN) is a rare skin hamartoma included in the organoid group of epidermal naevi, histologically defined as focal hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of eccrine glands. Clinically, EN usually presents as hyperhidrotic patches with no visible skin changes, frequently located on the forearms. The decision to treat EN or not usually depends on the grade of hyperhidrosis, but there is no therapeutic consensus because of the rarity of this condition. We present a case diagnosed as EN in an adult patient with severe localized hyperhidrosis, which was successfully treated with botulinum toxin.

Results: The anti-desmoglein 3 specific immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G4 subclass study revealed that sera from patients with clinically inactive disease have lower anti-desmoglein 3 immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibody levels than sera from those with active disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (p=0.03). However, there was no statistically significant difference for immunoglobulin G1 between the two groups. Similarly, the presence of immunoglobulin G subclasses of anti-skin antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence between the two groups was not statistically significantly different. Conclusion: Levels of anti-desmoglein 3 immunoglobulin G4 subclass autoantibodies look very adequate to compare patients in remission with clinically active patients with pemphigus vulgaris (p=0.03

Our findings suggest that amino-terminal pathogenic antibodies to the EC domain of Dsg1 were retained, while considerable epitope changes occurred in response to Dsg3 during the shift from PV to PF, with an absolute or significant decrease in pathogenic antibodies to the EC1 domain of Dsg3.

Las dermatitis de contacto (DC) engloban a todos aquellos procesos inflamatorios que aparecen secundariamente al contacto con agentes externos. Constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en dermatología y son una de las causas principales de dermatosis profesionales. Existen dos grupos principales dentro de las DC, en función del mecanismo patogénico que los producen. Las formas irritativas aparecen por efecto citotóxico directo, mientras que las formas alérgicas son secundarias a una respuesta de hipersensibilidad tipo IV frente a diferentes alérgenos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy variadas, por lo que una anamnesis y una exploración física detalladas, junto con otras pruebas diagnósticas como la del parche se estiman fundamentales. Además, las medidas preventivas y terapéuticas son pilares importantes para reducir su impacto en la sociedad.

BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is an exceedingly rare subepidermal blistering disease caused by antibodies against type VII collagen. Studies summarizing the clinical and immunological features of this disease in large series of patients are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the clinical and immunopathological characteristics, treatment responses and outcomes of 12 patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita from four tertiary hospitals in Spain. METHODS: An extensive retrospective review of clinical charts. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was 48 years and the mean delay to diagnosis was 20·75 months. The classical phenotype occurred in 42% of cases, inflammatory in 42% and mixed in 17%. Mucosal involvement was present in 75%. Linear IgG deposition along the basement membrane zone was consistently present on direct immunofluorescence examination. Indirect immunofluorescence study was positive in 67% of the cases. Frequently associated diseases were neoplasms (25%), inflammatory bowel disease (25%), hepatitis C virus infection (17%) and thyroid dysfunction (17%). Therapeutic responses were variable. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of neoplasms was similar to that seen in inflammatory bowel disease. Multicentric prospective studies including larger numbers of patients are required for a better knowledge and management of this disease.

The skin is is one of the most accesible organs, so it should never be overlooked in systemic disease. Skin often reflects internal processes, and the awareness of this leads us to consider malignancy as a potencial cause for many cutaneous abnormalities. It's important for clinicians in general to be familiar with cutaneous signs which can lead to an early diagnosis of neoplasia. Examination of the skin has the advantage of revealing important information about the patient's condition without requiring the use of invasive techniques.

Las fotodermatosis están causadas por una reacción anómala frente al sol y a las fuentes artificiales, generalmente por la radiación ultravioleta. Se dividen en idiopáticas, fototóxicas y fotoalérgicas y secundarias. Su diagnóstico diferencial es difícil por la similitud clínica y la nomenclatura confusa. Los estudios fotobiológicos (el fototest, la fotoprovocación y la prueba de fotoparche) tienen utilidad clínica y son necesarios para el diagnóstico en varias fotodermatosis.

Acne is a multifactorial disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Its clinical picture can vary significantly, from mild comedonal acne to fulminant systemic disease. Although all age groups can be affected by its many variants, acne is primarily a disorder of the adolescence. Acne has an undeniable psychosocial impact; affected individuals have been associated with an increased social isolation and depression. The last insights into the pathogenesis of the acne have aided significantly in further defining the subtypes of acne and establishing effective treatment regimens. The term rosacea includes a constellation of signs and symptoms: persistent facial erythema, telangiectasias, inflammatory papules and pustules, ocular inflammation and phymatous changes, primarily of the nose. Although its cause remains unknown, there seems to be an abnormal vasomotor response to thermal and other stimuli.

BACKGROUND: Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), or benign familial pemphigus, is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the formation of blisters. Eruptions are usually located in large skin folds, and when blisters become infected the condition can be very painful and disabling. HHD is difficult to treat. Many topical and systemic treatments have been used to bring exacerbations under control, but none have achieved medium- to long-term remission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 8 patients with HHD treated with carbon dioxide laser therapy in our hospital between 1999 and 2011. The patients' mean age was 50.7 years. The 4 men and 4 women were followed for between 1 and 12 years. RESULTS: Satisfactory outcomes were achieved for 6 of the patients. Clinical improvement was observed in more than 75% of the affected area in 4 patients and in 50% to 75% of the area in 2 patients. The effect of treatments was maintained over time. The poorest outcomes were observed in patients treated at lower potencies. When blistering recurred after treatment, a second laser session achieved a good response. We observed no adverse events other than slight changes in skin texture and pigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon dioxide laser therapy was safe and effective in producing medium- to long-term improvement in HHD symptoms that were refractory to conventional treatments.

Cephalalgia alopecia is a rare and recently described headache syndrome in which recurrent, burning head and neck pain is associated with hair loss from areas of scalp affected by the pain. We here report the case of a 33-year-old woman with continuous unilateral occipital pain and colocalized alopecia, only responsive to onabotulinumtoxin A injections. We hypothesize whether this clinical phenotype may correspond to either cephalalgia alopecia or nummular headache with trophic changes, conditions that might represent 2 manifestations of the same spectrum of disorders.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by suprabasal acantholysis produced as a consequence of desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies binding to several targeting molecules localized on the membrane of keratinocytes. Nitric oxide (NO) may exert a pathogenic function in several immunological processes. We have previously demonstrated that neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays part in PV acantholysis. Also, our group has described a relevant role for HER [human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related] isoforms and several kinases such as Src (Rous sarcoma), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as well as caspases in PV development. Using a passive transfer mouse model of PV, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the increase in nNOS and EGFR, Src, mTOR and FAK kinase upregulation observed in PV lesions. Our results revealed a new function for nNOS, which contributes to EGFR-mediated PV acantholysis through the upregulation of Src, mTOR and FAK. In addition, we found that nNOS participates actively in PV at least in part by increasing caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. These findings underline the important issue that in PV acantholysis, caspase activation is a nNOS-linked process downstream of Src, mTOR and FAK kinase upregulation.

Rituximab was introduced into clinical practice as a medication with considerable potential. Its use in patients with B-cell lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis revealed numerous indications in autoimmune diseases, many of which involve the skin, thus requiring dermatologists to become familiar with both the characteristics of anti-CD20 antibodies and the role of B cells in multiple skin diseases. Thanks to these developments, we will be able to use rituximab more frequently and appropriately in our patients and draw up consensus guidelines based on large case series. In other words, establishing the indications for rituximab will make it possible to shorten disease course and reduce morbidity due to more specific drugs.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the genotypic profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and from control subjects, and to study the relationship between clinical severity, immune response, and genomic pattern of S. aureus isolated from AD patients. We selected 32 patients with AD and S. aureus skin colonization and 31 atopic controls with no history of AD who where asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus. Microarray-based genotyping was performed on S. aureus isolates. In AD patients, clinical severity was assessed using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index and total IgE levels and staphylococcal superantigen-specific IgE levels (SEA, SEB, SEC, TSST1) were determined. The genes lukE, lukD, splA, splB, ssl8, and sasG were more frequent in isolates from AD patients. CC30 was more common in isolates from atopic controls than in AD patients. There was a correlation between total IgE and clinical severity, but an association between clinical severity, immune response, and the presence of S. aureus superantigen genes, including enterotoxin genes, could not be demonstrated. Finally, a correlation was found between AD severity and other S. aureus genes, such as sasG and scn. S. aureus factors besides superantigens could be related to the worsening and onset of AD.

Summary Background¿ Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering skin disorder characterized by the presence of suprabasal acantholysis and autoantibodies against desmoglein 3. There are two different clinical forms: mucocutaneous (MCPV) and mucosal (MPV). However, little is known about PV lesions in oral, ear, nose and throat (OENT) areas produced by the very dynamic of the anatomical structures involved in the functions of the aerodigestive tract. Objectives¿ To investigate the pattern of OENT manifestations in PV, and their relationship with physiological traumatic mechanisms in stratified squamous epithelial structures. Methods¿ A prospective analysis of 40 patients diagnosed with MCPV (22 patients) or MPV (18 patients) was carried out at the University Clinic of Navarra. OENT manifestations were evaluated in all patients endoscopically. OENT involvement was divided into anatomical areas. Results¿ The most frequent symptom was pain, mainly on oral mucosa (87·5%). Buccal mucosa (90%), posterior wall of pharynx (67·5%), upper edge of epiglottis (85%) and nasal vestibule (70%) were the areas most frequently affected in the OENT mucosa. These localizations were related to physiological traumatic mechanisms in polystratified squamous epithelial structures. Conclusions¿ OENT endoscopy should be included in the examination of all patients with PV. Knowledge of the most frequent localizations of active lesions on OENT mucosa in PV will help us to interpret more efficiently the findings from OENT endoscopy. Also, information related to traumatic physiological mechanisms on OENT areas must be offered to patients in order to avoid the appearance of new active PV lesions.

Our results support the view of surgical sympathectomy as the gold-standard treatment in severe cases of Hh and Fb. Radiofrequency sympathicolysis is useful as a second-treatment choice for Hh patients. Fb patients do not benefit from radiofrequency sympathicolysis.