La democracia liberal experimenta actualmente un desapego ciudadano del que forma parte el populismo, un fenómeno especialmente presente en los países latinoamericanos. Sin embargo, la tesis de que el populismo caracteriza la política en Latinoamérica todavía necesita estudios micro en países concretos. En este artículo, se ofrece una definición operativa de populismo, se propone un código de análisis que recoge las características principales de este fenómeno y se aplica a los spots de los candidatos que llegaron a la segunda y definitiva vuelta en las últimas dos elecciones presidenciales de 2015 y de 2019 en Guatemala. Los resultados confirman la presencia del populismo en los spots, pero la ausencia de algunos de los rasgos lleva a plantear unas campañas de populismo mitigado. Al mismo tiempo, no todos los candidatos recurren a él con la misma intensidad.

This study introduces the concept of "nobody-fools-me perception", a cognitive bias consisting of overconfidence in one's own ability to detect disinformation, associated with the belief that one is more immune to false content than almost everyone else. Specifically, it examines the extent to which variables such as age and education determine the conviction that one is able to spot false content, and influence the skills and habits of checking and sharing potentially unverified information on health, a serious problem in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on two face-to-face focus groups and one online focus group made up of Spanish people between the ages of 25 and 54, this qualitative research study explored the behaviour of regular citizens when assessing the truthfulness of health-related news, and their habits about believing it. The results reveal that younger people tended to distrust the ability of older people to spot false content, and vice versa. They also show that people with a higher educational level were more confident about their own immunity to disinformation. By introducing the concept of "nobody-fools-me perception", this study contributes to our understanding of how subjective perceptions lead to believing in false news.

Se presenta un análisis de contenido de todos los bulos (N=292) relacionados con la pandemia Covid-19 identificados por las tres plataformas de verificación acreditadas en España, durante el primer mes del estado de alarma decretado por el Gobierno (14 marzo 2020 ¿ 13 abril 2020). El estudio muestra que los bulos sobre el coronavirus fueron diseminados principalmente en las redes sociales y, entre ellas, sobre todo en las cerradas, como la aplicación móvil de mensajería WhatsApp. También detecta las particularidades formales y de contenido más frecuentes de los contenidos falsificados. Los resultados revelan que la pandemia, además de generar un gran número de bulos sobre salud y ciencia, casi un tercio de la muestra, también propició la difusión de numerosos contenidos falsos de tema político y gubernamental. El artículo explora los formatos, fuentes y territorios de procedencia de los bulos. Más allá de sus resultados empíricos, este estudio realiza contribuciones teóricas en el marco de los emergentes estudios sobre desórdenes informativos. En concreto, aporta una definición propia de bulo, así como una tipología en la que se identifican cuatro tipos de bulos: broma, exageración, descontextualización y engaño. A partir de esos cuatro tipos, se propone un `diagrama de gravedad de los bulos¿.

Las plataformas de verificación de datos se han convertido en un movimiento que, nacido en Estados Unidos, se ha extendido por todo el mundo. Su objetivo es luchar contra la desinformación, las percepciones erróneas y las falsas noticias en el nuevo ecosistema comunicativo en el que las redes sociales adquieren relevancia como fuente de información, y en el que es cada vez más fácil ¿y asequible a miles de millones de ciudadanos¿ producir, editar y distribuir (falsa) información. Casi toda la bibliografía y los casos de estudio se han centrado en Estados Unidos. Sobre la verificación de datos en castellano, solo se han investigado las plataformas de verificación en español que el Duke reporter¿s Lab incluía en 2018 en su base de datos, así como nueve iniciativas en español surgidas desde 2010 en media docena de países latinoamericanos. En este artículo, después de un marco teórico, abordamos la realidad del fact checking en España. Mediante un análisis cualitativo, identificamos y analizamos las webs de verificación y las actividades de chequeo de información en nuestro país. Ello se complementa con entrevistas a los periodistas que han llevado a cabo iniciativas de fact checking en nuestro entorno. La realidad del fact checking en España, como se demuestra, se haya todavía en una fase incipiente. Palabras clave: Fact Checking; España; desinformación; verificación de datos; noticias falsas; maldita.es; Newtral

Disciplines within knowledge domains are cross-cutting and shaped by the contributions of cultures and countries. In the field of journalism studies (as in many others), the force of Anglo-Saxon perspectives has outshined other approaches and attempts. Although every tradition-at least in Western culture-intertwines with others, they also have peculiarities that enrich the debate. This article aims to introduce the Spanish-American tradition and, especially, the Spanish one regarding reflections on journalism studies as an academic discipline. The concern for endowing journalism with a disciplinary status has lingered on, particularly because of the passage from schools to universities. Here, in this transition, Spain is characterized by having sparked off a prolonged, intense debate about the elements that define journalism as an academic discipline. Such a discussion has hardly taken place in Latin America. The method is based on a literature review focused on pioneering authors such as Martinez Albertos, Nunez-Ladeveze, and Casasus. Given the relevance of this reflection in Spain, this article elaborates further on the debate and, as a conclusion, brings forward a renewed proposal for defining journalism and describing its subject matter, scope, multidisciplinary nature, and methods.

Martínez Albertos proposed in 1976 the term of Journalistic Writing (Redacción Periodística) for the academic reflections on the practice of Journalism. Since then, several Spanish authors have been concerned about the metadisciplinary issues in this academic field. Despite their differences, even the most critical ones among them accept the existence of a discipline that studies Journalism with a peculiar approach. This article, which chooses the name Periodística to designate the discipline, studies comprehensively and systematically the research in Journalism published between 1989 and 2012 in the main Spanish Communication Journals. The results, which are collected in a database, support that, beyond theoretical approaches, there is a wide and proportionately significant research in Periodística that justifies its academic recognition. Keywords: Jo

Journalism Studies as a field of research is still awaiting a clear delineation of their academic status, which, among other things, must respond to their nature, objectives, methodology and scope. In this discussion and in the case of Spain, we find rather scarce metadisciplinary contributions almost 45 years after the entrance of the Journalism into the University, although there has been numerous production of textbooks, and a very abundant and growing research, A relevant metadisciplinary contribution is that of Núñez-Ladevéze, whose research demonstrates and exemplifies the importance of an interdisciplinary approach, This note synthesizes how he understands the discipline, a stage of a larger project on the general history of the discipline, which requires a necessary in deep analysis of his work.

This article shows how epideictic rhetoric and argumentation may be interrelated in a general-interest newspaper framed as a single discourse produced by a collective author. In more specific terms, the view advanced here is that newspaper as whole has an epideictic dimension which, in terms of argumentation, is the fundamental or predominant one. The usefulness of this approach is twofold. In terms of rhetoric, to explore the applicability of epideictic rhetoric to journalistic discourse; and in the field of journalism studies, the goal is to draw on the theory of epideictic rhetoric so as to refine the conceptualization of the nature of argumentation in the newspaper as such. Given this twofold perspective, the account of newspaper discursive practices will be general, and the classical and contemporary epideictic theory will be briefly summarized. However, the outcome of this analysis is an example of a fruitful encounter between the two fields.

ICS The power of persuasion of the newspaper column is based on the personality and character of the columnist (López Pan, 1996), which in terms of classical rhetoric corresponds to the ethics proof or ethos. Among the means available to build the columnist¿s ethos, there is one very frequent in the personal o literary columns: when the columnist appears as character in the text. This article shows how this rhetoric mechanism operates. When the character qualities of the columnist are mentioned explicitly ¿a direct description¿, it is constructed what Dascal, a discourse analyst, has called thematic ethos. When those qualities are not explicitly affirmed, but derive from the way the character acts, Dascal talks of nontematic ethos, the most effective and the one that is explained in this academic article.